Commentaries for Same Group Members' Polished Thesis Draft Essay

Commentaries for Same Group Members' Polished Thesis Draft - Essay Example Rather what can be used is how Kripal’s book and comments made in the book on the topic of discussion is related to the paper. Although several quotes have been used in the paper, but it is also important to discuss briefly the inner meaning of these quotes, these are not provided sufficiently in the paper. For instance, Atmajnanananda’s remark on Kripal’s thought has not been properly discussed in the paper. It is unsuitable to use the sentence â€Å"This paper discusses the relationship between the religious organization Soka Gakkai and Komeito, a Japanese political party†¦Ã¢â‚¬  in the beginning of the abstract. Rather the brief idea about the topic and its importance can be provided in the abstract first followed by the sentence. The in-text referencing style is not properly used in the entire paper. Also there is no proper reference or bibliography list of references at the end of the paper. In the reference list short description of books or journal papers or websites are not required. The section â€Å"Soka Gakkai and Komeito: 1970-present† is too long period. This period can be distributed into different time phases in terms of importance of Soka Gakkai and Komeito in the religious structure of the country. It has been written in the paper that â€Å"One national, 13 regional and 47 prefectural Councils on Social Affairs determine the Soka Gakkai’s endorsements†, however the importance of this determination is not clear from following

Ancient Egypts Effect on Modern Society Essay Example for Free

Ancient Egypts Effect on Modern Society Essay The museum has always been a place for all different types of people from the public to go and appreciate art and feel reconnected with the past. People may go to the museum for these reasons or a variety of others. But for whatever reasons they choose to go to the museum it always has an influence on that person’s relationship between them and the history they viewed. Specifically speaking the museum has a big influence on the public and Ancient Egypt. The museum is already a place of history and mystery and Ancient Egypt is one of the most mysterious ancient cultures. With so little known about these ancient people it only makes sense that the museum would be a good place to strengthen that feeling of mystery. Ever since the modern discovery of Ancient Egypt the public have been fascinated by the mystery left behind by these ancient people. The modern public is always interested in learning about Egypt. Weather that be from books to movies or trips to the museum the general public uses a variety of methods to learn about the Ancient Egyptians culture. Stereotypically speaking when most people talk of Egypt they think of mummies. Most people one speaks to have generally the same depiction of what Egypt is in their heads. So a lot of times people don’t really know the truth about Ancient Egypt. And that is where the museum comes into play. The museum has always been found as a viable source of accurate information regarding history. So in today’s media rich society most people who are really curious about learning about Egypt would rather visit the museum rather than pick up a book on Egyptology and read it. The museum is a good place to start for people to go and observe visually what is left of Ancient Egypt. And these exhibits help to construct an idea of what this Ancient civilization was truly like compared to the entertainment industries depiction of it. This act of going to the museum to fulfill ones curiosity on the subject is just one way the museum helps strengthen the bond between the public and Ancient Egypt. Another way the museum helps strengthen the relationship between the public and Ancient Egypt is by giving them an escape from reality. Most people get fed up with the normal day in and day out of adult life and are always looking for something new exciting and mysterious. Ancient Egypt is something that is tantalizing for people to learn and talk about because so little is known and so much can be speculated. So the museum helps give this bored person a chance to view what is left of Ancient Egypt and to escape from their reality and escape to this mysterious world. This strengthens the relationship between Ancient Egypt and the public because people desire that mystery and they can get it by viewing the mystery of Ancient Egypt at the museum. One more way the museum strengthens this relationship is by adding more to the mystery. Meaning the museum shows the public a depiction of the past but no definitive answers, if anything I found you leave the Ancient Egyptian exhibit with more questions than answers. This quest for answers strengthens the relationship because the public is searching for an element of mystery and find it in Ancient Egypt, but every time they get more of a taste they get more unanswered questions. This causes more of a desire to learn and explore and it all begins with the museum giving just a taste of the mystery surrounding Ancient Egypt. Following this drive for knowledge on Ancient Egypt the museum also helps strengthen the physical relationship between the public and Ancient Egypt. Ancient antiquities are one of the most sought after items for just aesthetic position. People will go out of their way to bring back a piece of history with them that they can hold in their hands. Weather that be through artifact relics or souvenirs somebody is always trying to take a piece of history with them. They might be doing this for a variety of reasons. They may just want something interesting on a shelf to start a discussion where they can gloat about their recent trip to Egypt. Or they may want to have it because it makes them feel closer to the ancient times and the mystery of it all. But for whatever reason people always want to have some sort of item that relates them to the history or journey. The museum does this by providing them with a large varieties, the person who wants to fulfill that desire of owning a souvenir or relic, to choose from. You can buy almost anything Ancient Egypt related at the gift shop in a museum. From Lego pens to imitation artifacts, the museum is a great place to fill a need to buy a souvenir. Also what better time would it be to buy something Egyptian than right after viewing an exhibit of the real artifacts. So by being able to create a need for a physical relic and then fulfill it the museum is a perfect place to strengthen the bond between the public and Ancient Egypt. So the museum as it seams is a very powerful place when it comes to strengthening the bond between the public and Ancient Egypt. Weather the museum is providing just a simple craving of curiosity or to providing the perfect place to shop for a relic you can take home with you, it has been a great place to strengthen the bond between the public and Ancient Egypt. This place of mystery, knowledge and unanswered question will hopefully be around for a long time to fulfill the publics desire to know more and become closer with Ancient Egypt.

Movie Essays - Oedipal Hamlet in Film -- Movie Film comparison compare

Oedipal Hamlet on Film      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It has commonly been suggested by such disciples of Sigmund Freud as Ernest Jones that Shakespeare's character of Hamlet is the victim of an Oedipus complex. While any reading of the play Hamlet, Prince of Denmark that focuses on the text and not the psychoanalytical fads of the current age disproves any notion of Hamlet's oedipal nature, many film artists have followed popular psychology and have adopted this theory for the screen. Whether out of precedent, pressure, or some need to discover some complex in Hamlet, this has become a very popular trend for filmmakers. Seeing as how it is impossible to do a production of Hamlet without addressing Hamlet's relationship with Gertrude, Hamlet, Sr., and Claudius, the following will be a discussion of several filmic Hamlets, and the presence, or absence of these Freudian notions. While certainly not the first production of Hamlet for the big screen, Laurence Olivier's 1948 adaptation is the first full length commercial version, and is still highly regarded today. In this film Gertrude looks at Hamlet more like a lover than a mother, gazing at him lustfully whenever he is present. Gertrude's affection is not limited to these gazes, however, as upon Hamlet's agreement to remain at Elsinore she kisses him deep and long on the lips, like a lover. Olivier's Hamlet is initially aggressive toward Gertrude during the closet scene, but after the visit from the ghost he becomes as affectionate as Gertrude is in the beginning. Hamlet speaks to Gertrude tenderly, and she responds accordingly. He then gives her a deep long kiss to seal their pact against Claudius. Taken out of context the scene would appear to be a conversation and love-pact between two ... ...ed complexes and have given us Hamlets free of supposed incestuous wishes and confused notions. This reverence for the script and lack of supposition give the viewer a more accurate view of Hamlet that is more in keeping with the complex mind Shakespeare offered his audience.    Works Cited and Consulted Branagh, Kenneth. "Hamlet" by William Shakespeare: Sreenplay, Introduction, and Film Diary. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1996. Guerin, Wilfred L., Earle Labor, Lee Morgan, Jeanne C. Reeseman, and John R. Willingham. A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. Leong, Virginia. "Hamlet Article from The Australian." 06 December 1997. (07 December 1997) Shakespeare, William. Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. The Riverside Shakespeare. ED. G. Blakemore Evans. Boston: Haughton Mifflin Company, 1974.

High Schools :: essays research papers

HIGH SCHOOLS SHOULD BE HI TECH The world is becoming more and more "hi tech" and high schools should keep up. High school should be taught on computers because it would save paper, it would save time, and school supplies would be lighter. The first reason high school should be taught on computers is because it would save paper. If textbooks were on computer disks then trees around the world would be saved. This would make our environment much greener and species that are endangered in the rainforest would be saved. If classes were taught on computers, notes on paper would not be needed. This would save more trees. To sum up, high school should be taught on computers because it would save paper. Another reason that high school should be taught on computers is that it would save class time. Students would not need to flip pages in their textbooks or notebooks to find something that they need. All they would have to do is simply click on a file. Because time is saved, the teacher will be able to fit more information into the lesson for the day. In other words, high school should be taught on computers because it would save class time and more information could be fit into the lesson. As well as saving paper and saving time, high school should be taught on computers because school supplies would be much lighter. A lightweight disk would be much easier to carry unlike having an enormous textbook to drag around all day. Students occasionally develop back problems as a result of the heavy backpacks they must carry.

Climate Change Problems For The Fiji Islands Environmental Sciences Essay

This paper explores the hazards that climate alteration airss to the touristry development in Fiji islands. It shows the inauspicious effects of the altering clime and the dangers pose by the touristry activities and besides pose a major jeopardy for the local people in the part. It besides deals with the unsafe C emanations and CO2 consequence on the landscape, nutrient, H2O, energy. Cardinal words: Pacific, clime alteration, C and CO2 emanations.IntroductionThe Pacific is the world`s largest ocean with a surface country of 175 million sq kilometer and constitutes for 40 % of the planet`s Waterss. Located in the tropical latitudes, it covers more than half the globe`s perimeter. Temperature of the surface H2O in the western tropical parts is ever more than 28 ISC over a deepness of several hundred metres. This makes up the world`s storage of thermic energy for exchange with ambiance. Here the interaction between ambiance and ocean is most utmost and influences the clime non merely regionally but planet-wide. The states of the Pacific are obscured human colonies absorbed in this huge fluid existence. The ocean is the most of import factor commanding the environment and life. Hence any alteration in pelagic conditions and climatic alterations are of import for environment and life ( Philander, 1990 ) . The average clime of a part is defined by the mean conditions observed over 3 decennaries or more, sing all features that makes conditions felt by everyone and predicted by meteorologists. The chief features are temperature, air current conditions, atmospheric force per unit area, cloud screen and rainfall. The south Pacific is bounded by an country of low force per unit area near the equator and high force per unit area around 30 S analogue. North-south force per unit area creates the regular air currents in these two countries known as the south-east trades ( Philander, 1990 ) . Any alteration in earth`s clime has an impact on world, biodiversity, wellness and services provided by ecosystems worldwide. For accommodating to such clime alterations it is necessary to understand fluctuation of clime, why and how the clime alterations, and how it impacts the earth`s ecosystems. Climate manner is an of import manner of understanding clime variableness, alterations and impacts. Earth`s clime is altering and such alterations tend to take topographic point with different forms which may be characterised by one or many manners of the clime systems ( Philander, 1990 ) . Fiji is the largest touristry finish in the south Pacific but international reachings are unstable over the last 5 old ages because of harmful events like political putsch in Fiji in 2000, terrorist onslaughts in United States on 11th September 2001, the Bali onslaught in 2002, and terrible acute respiratory syndrome eruption in Asia in 2003. Tourism is endangered to natural jeopardies and catastrophes like temblors, tsunamis, inundation, drouths, and cyclones. Climate alteration is an of import feature in catastrophe direction as it is likely to impact Fiji through sea degree rise and storm rush, altering temperature and utmost conditions events ( Wilbanks, 2003 ) . About 400,000 tourer visited Fiji in 2002 with an mean length of stay of 8 yearss. While most visitants come for remainder and relaxation linked to beach environments, current selling runs aim to switch the image from pure beach publicity to a wider experience ( Ministry of tourism-Fiji, 2003 ) . The chief purpose of this journal paper is to analyse effects of clime alteration in Fiji islands and accommodating and minimising clime alteration by the tourer resorts. The ground for behind this is that studies and interviews were undertaken ensuing in many operators already prepared for clime related alterations and adapt to possible impacts ensuing in clime alteration.MethodTourism in Fiji is mostly based on resorts therefore adjustment sector is outstanding touristry sub-sector. Tourists spend most of their clip at the resorts. For the above grounds it was appropriate to concentrate on this analysis of adjustment.Effectss of clime alteration on touristry in FijiTourism operators are familiar with ecological factors like strong reefs and plain H2O crucial for touristry in Fiji. Operators were witting of the clime alteration associated impacts like cyclones, the walloping of coral reefs and deluging. Contaminated H2O was related to mounting H2O temperature and clime alteration. I ncreasing sea degrees were mentioned by three concerns, two of which lie in low lying Mamanuca Islands. Generally adjustment concern had experienced at least one of the clime related impact. The most common impacts were eroding, H2O handiness, and break of electricity. Many resorts were affected by cyclones ensuing in coral bleaching and belongings injury ( Short, 2004 ) . Climate related impacts antecedently experienced Frequency out of 25 Remarks by respondents Shore line/beach eroding 9 Banks on border property/beach give manner Decreased H2O handiness 9 In recent drouths Interrupted supply concatenation 8 Power cuts Coral bleaching 8 Noticed by tourers, snorkelling affected Damage to belongings 5 From sea rush Sea degree rise 3–Storm frequence and strength 3 Care of gardens ( Short, 2004 ) . Eight concerns said that they were non affected by any of the factors listed. There are five countries located in the Mamanuca Islands, which are comparatively exposed to climate alteration due to the hazard of cyclones, sea degree rise, hapless H2O quality, vanishing corals, and unequal H2O handiness. There is demand of apprehension of clime alteration jobs and the directors do non portion the jobs faced by clime alteration ( Short, 2004 ) . Tourist adjustment uses big assortment of energy resources with electrical energy created from hydropower or Diesel generator being most of import for energy usage. Petrol and Diesel is use for concern vehicles and other intents. Besides liquefied crude oil gas is used by most concerns largely for cookery, hot H2O and in wash. Energy use and nursery gas emanations differ loosely for diverse concerns. The criterion of adjustment and geographical location are the two factors that have major influence on energy ingestion and carbon-dioxide emanations ( Becken, 2002 ) . Tourist adjustment in the Mamanuca Islands is about 2-3 times every bit carbon-intensive as that in Viti Levu. The key cause for this is in electricity coevals, which is to a great extent less carbon-intensive in Viti Levu. Because of the high measure of renewable energy beginnings ( hydro and bagasse ) compared with Diesel production on islands with its natural insufficiency ( about 65-70 % of energy input is lost during the procedure of coevals ) . Resorts on distant islands run more or less self-sufficiently, and therefore have auxiliary energy demands ( e.g. , sewerage intervention, stop deading trash ) . Transport energy use is besides high given that non merely do tourers hold to be transported to and from the resort, but so besides do nutrient supplies, energy ( Diesel and gas ) , H2O and other devices required for runing the resort ( Becken, 2002 ) . The unsmooth executable estimation is obtained of energy usage and C monoxide emanations related with touristry for the Fiji. The entire figure of visitor darks spent in Fiji was 2,891,295 in 2002 ( Department of energy, 2003 ) . 82 % of visitor-nights were spent in hotels, 13 % in backpacker/budget adjustment, and the staying darks were being spent in motels, on boats or in other signifiers of commercial and non-commercial adjustment. Total energy used due to tourist adjustment was calculated at 1,078,373,475 MJ per annum which is tantamount to national energy usage of 6.5 % . in footings of C monoxide the adjustment industry emits 68,219 metric tons per annum. ( Department of energy, 2003 ) Tourism in Fiji is highly exposed to climate alteration related jeopardies such as cyclones, deluging and storms, sea degree rise, eroding, conveyance and communicating break, and momently less H2O handiness. Another most of import apprehensiveness for the touristry industry is the want of natural systems, such as coral reefs and forest ecosystems, farther exasperated by clime alteration. Tourism concerns in common are affected in the signifier of physical harm from a cyclone or storm rush, eroding, and coral bleaching. In malice of the high hazard linked with tourer installations built on the waterfront, most new developments spotlight on coastal countries. Mangroves are been cut down in big graduated table who in bend Acts of the Apostless like a protection against clime related alterations ( Jones, 2003 ) . Tourist adjustment suppliers adapt to climatic conditions that may impact their concern, and in making so they are besides prepared for impacts that may ensue from a altering clime. Typically, operators focus on comparatively concrete and foreseeable bad impacts, such as cyclones and storm rushs, for illustration by cyclone-proofing their constructions and raising breakwaters. A figure of adjustment suppliers have insurance screen against cyclones and storm rushs. By and large, it seems that the hazard of accumulative impacts or more abstract impacts are less recognized and addressed. Pollution control, sewerage intervention, and H2O direction are illustrations of this. The exposure to extreme climate-related events can be reduced when clime alteration version is integrated in the development procedure from the earliest phases ( Jones, 2003 ) . The exact location of the development and design such as constructing stuff, orientation, constructions and landscaping aids in cut downing the exposure. There is a chance to alter touristry development in at finishs less vulnerable to climate alteration, with current efforts to diversifying Fiji`s touristry merchandise in relation to ecotourism. New and alone touristry merchandises can be developed in Fiji on high land countries utilizing Nipponese construct of shakkei ( borrowed landscape ) , where hotel layout, garden landscape gardening and scenery are assorted together into an overall experience of ecosystem that is different from the typical beachfront ( Ayala, 1995 ) . A figure of nursery gas moderateness processs are in topographic point such as accommodating generator sizes, exchanging off visible radiations, energy efficient visible radiation bulbs and solar hot H2O. There is a immense potency for solar energy and wind-generated power particularly on the Coral Coast, the Mamanuca Islands, and Sonasavu, these engineerings are taken up easy, inhibited by deficiency of cognition, capital, capacity and authorities inducements. Often, the energy demand of a individual tourer resort is excessively little to warrant investing in a air current turbine. The policy focal point and involvements of resort operators in Fiji are development-driven, although there is a strong acknowledgment of the construct of sustainable development. Climate alteration is chiefly seen from the position of touristry ‘s exposure and version. Extenuation seems to be less pressing, although in the average term increasing nursery gas emanations ( e.g. , as a consequence of i ncreasing tourer reachings ) could sabotage Fiji ‘s credibleness in international dialogues on clime alteration. The above order of Government and industry precedences has to be recognised when seeking to implement any climate-change-related steps ( Ayala, 1995 ) . Climate alteration can be assorted with sustainable development by placing cardinal jobs and so associating those to climate alteration. In the instance of Fiji touristry these major local jobs are land usage issues, old stock adjustment, deficiency of new capital and investing, limited air capacity, dependance on air travel, economic escape, deficiency of alone merchandising point, environment debasement and political instability ( Narayan, 2000 ) . Environmental jobs like pollution, deforestation and inordinate usage of resources are to be considered. Potential issues in add-on to these jobs are more likely to be funded by giver bureaus, stakeholders and industry members ( Hay et al. , 2003 ) . Acknowledging co-benefits of clime alteration policies is every bit of import as its consequence, for illustration, heavy usage of air conditioning leads to increase in nursery gas emanations or the resettlement of sand adds to local environmental impacts. Future work would necessitate to take into history technological and economic facets, every bit good as the expected sum of decreased or increased nursery gas emanations ( Dang et al. , 2003 ) . Energy is a major cost driver for the operation of a touristry adjustment concern, particularly when energy is derived from fossil fuels either for conveyance or electricity coevals. The operation of Diesel generators is dearly-won, because of inefficiencies, transit costs ( diesel cargo ) , care, and wages for powerhouse staff. Therefore, directors have an economic involvement in maintaining electricity ingestion depression. The Southern Cross with Diesel generators, nevertheless, is that one time a generator is purchased, the optimal scope of electricity coevals is determined at approximately 80 % of the maximal public presentation. Mini hydropower strategies are less relevant for coastal resorts, but could be an option for touristry ventures operated in inland communities ( referred to as ecotourism operators by the Fiji Ministry of Tourism and Visitor Bureau ) . The capital costs are really high, nevertheless, and accordingly the consumption is minimum. The Department of Energy p resently assesses possible sites for mini hydropower strategies, and it is besides researching possible for geothermic electricity coevals on Vanua Levu, the 2nd largest island of Fiji. Wind energy is non widely used in Fiji, but the Coral Coast, Mamanuca Islands, and Sonasavu are assuring locations for wind-powered coevals. Wind energy systems are available at different graduated tables, runing from little 1-kW 1s to 100-700 kilowatt strategies ( medium graduated table ) , or even larger 1s ( UNEP, 2003 ) . Tourist resorts would necessitate small- to medium-scale air current systems if they want to run into their whole electricity demand by wind power. Small islands are improbable to raise air current turbines because of deficiency of infinite and noise pollution. Resorts on larger countries are in a better place to prosecute wind energy. No renewable energy beginnings are presently earnestly discussed for conveyance, although one resort looked into wind-driven boats, and there are geographic expeditions into replacing fossil fuel with bio-fuel, for illustration derived from coconut ( copra ) oil ( Sopac, 2004 ) .Stairss to minimise the consequence of clime alteration in FijiReforestation is the most of import agencies of cut downing clime alteration. Trees minimizes vulnerable nature of cyclones, better microclimate and enhances landscapes which are used in touristry activities. Trees cut down C content in the air and are utile in adaptative steps like eroding control and watershed direction. Forest protection and plantation should be done under adaptation policies. Developing little graduated table engineerings for air current and solar energy on the distant island would assist cut down the dependence on imported dodo fuel and economic escape ( Dang et al. , 2003 ) . Adaptation Impact on extenuation Impact on environment Tree plantation Reduces net CO2 emanations through C sinks Benefits biodiversity, H2O direction, dirts Water preservation Reduces energy costs for providing H2O Positive in countries where H2O is limited Renewable natural resources Reduces CO2 emanations Overall, less fouling than fossil fuels Natural edifice stuffs Small C footmark for locally produced stuffs Depends on sustainability of plantations Reducing H2O pollution Increased energy used for sewerage intervention Positive for coral reefs and marine life Marine protection Impersonal Positive for Marine biodiversity Rain H2O aggregation Saves transport energy for providing H2O Possibly interrupts the natural H2O rhythm Guest instruction Impersonal Additions consciousness Puting back constructions Impersonal Positive when constructions built off from beachfront Diversifying markets Positive if markets are eco-efficient Depends on environmental impacts of new markets Weather proofing tourer activities Depends on the type of activities Depends on the type of activities Water desalination High energy costs Returns force per unit area off fresh water resources Increasing beach conditioning Additions CO2 emanations Air pollution in instance of Diesel coevals Beach nutriment Energy usage for excavation and transit Disturbs eco systems Reducing beach eroding with sea walls Impersonal Disturbs natural currents and cause eroding ( Dang et al. , 2003 ) . There is no common scheme to turn to interactions between clime alteration and touristry in Fiji, nor is at that place a sector-wide industry association that could advance any climate-change-related enterprises. However, there are stray illustrations among industry members that reveal a high apprehension and advanced usage of engineering and direction to turn to climatically unfavorable conditions. Those operators are besides best prepared for increased hazards ensuing from clime alteration. Besides, a figure of operators engage in wider environmental direction, energy preservation, and hence climate alteration extenuation, although the nursery gas emanation facet is seldom the ground for the mitigating steps undertaken Overall, there is a demand for tourism-specific information on what clime alteration is, how it will impact touristry, and what operators could make to accommodate and extenuate. In the medium term it would besides be of import to include climate alteration in the course of study of third instruction for pupils in the field of touristry, resource direction technology and architecture. Since the range and costs for many version and extenuation steps are mostly determined by the design of tourer installations, the incorporation of these facets into architectural classs is peculiarly of import. Alongside information and instruction enterprises, the Government could help concerns in set abouting energy audits, easing the execution of Environmental Management Systems ( e.g. , Green Globe 21 ) , and supplying inducements, for illustration for the consumption of renewable energy beginnings. Climate alteration could organize portion of a wider hazard direction program for touristry. Such an enterprise is presently being discussed between the Ministry of Tourism and the Disaster Management Office. A two-level attack could be possible, where guidelines are provided for touristry operators to develop their ain hazard or catastrophe direction program at the concern degree, while Government screens wider issues beyond single concerns, such as touristry substructure and larger emptying programs. The current effort by the Fiji Visitor Bureau to diversify the merchandise could be seen as portion of national-level hazard direction, as they attempt to distribute hazard across different markets ( e.g. , event touristry, athletics touristry, nature touristry ) and seasons. Fewer enterprises exist to weather-proof touristry, as suggested for touristry in Phuket, Thailand ( Raksakulthai, 2003 ) . Another of import measure towards implementing a nation-wide hazard direction scheme for touristry and clime alteration would be the function of all touristry substructure, every bit good as the hazard of assorted jeopardies in different locations. The Department of Environment in their clime alteration policy or the Ministry of Tourism in their hazard direction program are best advised to prosecute steps that offer win-win state of affairss, viz. for version, extenuation, wider environmental direction and development. Examples of such steps are re-afforestation, H2O preservation, and the usage of renewable energy beginnings. It is recommended that the synergisms between version, extenuation, and sustainable development be explored farther and that the effects be quantified where possible ; i.e. , how much C can be saved as a consequence of a peculiar step and what costs are involved. This is even more of import given the deficiency of resources in Fiji, which requires maximizing benefits from any enforced step ( Dang et al. , 2003 ) . Reducing the ingestion of hot H2O for wash and showers and cut downing the H2O temperature are salvaging steps. Other energy usage decreases steps in adjustment are illuming, including energy efficient visible radiation bulbs, detector lighting in the garden, solar panel visible radiations, and room keys used to run visible radiations inside the room. Although energy efficient bulbs are good option they are expensive and do non last long because of the fluctuating supply of power from generators. In the smaller islands the energy costs of transporting are higher, so the directors tend to increase the ship burden with riders on board with nutrient, waste or H2O. One manner of salvaging fuel is to minimise transportation trips. The addition in planetary average temperature to 2 grades above pre-industrial degrees is necessary to maintain the hazard of unsafe clime alteration at an acceptable degree and to restrict clime impacts. Temperatures increase certain degree of atmospheric concentration. The consequences indicate that in order to hold a good opportunity of restricting planetary mean temperature in the long tally to 2 grades atmospheric concentration of all nursery gases needs to be stabilised. Intergovernmental policy on clime alteration i.e. IPCC indicates that maintaining concentration in the scope of 445-490 ppm requires planetary emanations to top out by 2015, and to fall by between 50-85 % by 2050. Current tendencies would ensue in much higher concentrations and high hazards of ruinous clime alteration. The clean development mechanism means to do conformity with easier mark committednesss, the Kyoto Protocol allows utilizing offset credits from emanations decrease undertakings in developing states, under the Clean Development Mechanism ( CDM ) . Governments can suggest and implement emanations decreases on a project-by-project footing under CDM. The ensuing credits are bought by authoritiess that are under emanations decrease duties. Large undertakings classs are renewable energy chiefly utilizing hydropower alternatively of fossil fuels, decrease of methane emanations from landfills and coal mines, emanations from cement production, and devastation of powerful industrial gases. There were over three 1000s CDM undertakings underway in may 2008, which, is implemented and approved, would give expected emanations decreases of 2.5 billion dozenss of C dioxide. The Asian Pacific part histories for 80 per cent of the CDM credits that expected to be generated. The World Bank cites supply e stimations of 1.4 to 2.2 billion credits by 2012Decisions and recommendationsGlobal concern over clime alteration impacts and hazards has increased greatly in recent times, and clime alteration is recognised non merely an environmental challenge but besides an economic challenge. The Pacific part is home to the fast growth, big economic systems in the universe and the dominant beginning of growing in nursery gas emanations. To restrict and cut down emanations action is required in developing states. There is big figure of chances to cut down emanations but most of these are expensive and can non be implemented unless policy scenes change. More ambitious policies will be needed to turn emanation tendencies around in developing and developed states. The international kineticss are of the reciprocally reenforcing type: one country`s action depends on other states making their spot. The more states commit to important policies, the easier it will go to pull others in. In contrast, if so me states refuse to take portion in corporate action, others will besides decline to make so. An effectual response to planetary clime alteration will necessitate to affect bilateral trade or many-sided understanding. Large and medium sized economic systems will necessitate to be a portion of it. For an understanding to win, the door must be kept broad unfastened for developing states to prosecute to the full in policies, with the support of high income states. Climate alteration analysts predict that within the coming decennaries, sea degree will lift bit by bit. So the impacting state might hold begun placing the effects of clime alteration on touristry activities and overall people populating in that part. Small islands are at hazard to accommodate to the inauspicious affects of clime alteration because of high costs every bit good as benefits. Not merely merely people but alone human civilizations are besides at high hazard. Migration is another option for local people but once more the cost factor is important, as most of these people are illiterate and unemployed. They will hold to relocate unwillingly. Survival is the chief concern in this instance. It is besides extremely impossible for any recipient state to allow refuge to an full state. The larger impact of clime alteration will dispute the capacity of the state. The secondary impacts will be H2O scarceness, nutrient security, wellness services, land scarceness. At some point man y land countries will go incapable of prolonging life and people will be forced to migrate.

Free Essays on Dress Code

There are many great things about this great school. There is a great faculty and overall a great group of students. A perfect appearance is Providence Days’ goal. In achieving this goal of perfection, Providence Day (PD), in my opinion, are cheating there students and some of faculty with the dress code. The dress code directly conflicts more than half of are schools core values. The contradiction of the values makes those values look more like some pretty writing opposed to a goal that this school is trying to achieve. What makes the dress code so controversial is the inconsistency the dress code has, with many of Providence Days’ core values. As I look at Providence Days’ core values, four out of the eleven schools values contradict the dress code. One value states; â€Å"We believe that the school community should help each student maximize individual potential, explore unique interests and develop self-confidence.† My interpretation of this quote consists of the idea that the schools population is going to help each student maximize their potential, accept their uniqueness, and help them build self confidence. A dress code takes a lot out of this goal. A student’s wardrobe was one of our last ways of expressing ourselves in a safe and legal manner. The implementation of a dress code limits a student’s uniqueness. The dress code also restrains their development of self confidence because, it makes them think there is only one way to dress that will present them in a respectable light. The feeling of there only being one way to dress respectively does not give them a chance to explore the diverse ways of dressing. The core value that states: â€Å"We believe that students should be encouraged to try new endeavors and take risks without fear of failure† is a big contradiction in school values and an enforced dress code. When Providence Day says they want kids to try different things without fear of failure, and then turn... Free Essays on Dress Code Free Essays on Dress Code There are many great things about this great school. There is a great faculty and overall a great group of students. A perfect appearance is Providence Days’ goal. In achieving this goal of perfection, Providence Day (PD), in my opinion, are cheating there students and some of faculty with the dress code. The dress code directly conflicts more than half of are schools core values. The contradiction of the values makes those values look more like some pretty writing opposed to a goal that this school is trying to achieve. What makes the dress code so controversial is the inconsistency the dress code has, with many of Providence Days’ core values. As I look at Providence Days’ core values, four out of the eleven schools values contradict the dress code. One value states; â€Å"We believe that the school community should help each student maximize individual potential, explore unique interests and develop self-confidence.† My interpretation of this quote consists of the idea that the schools population is going to help each student maximize their potential, accept their uniqueness, and help them build self confidence. A dress code takes a lot out of this goal. A student’s wardrobe was one of our last ways of expressing ourselves in a safe and legal manner. The implementation of a dress code limits a student’s uniqueness. The dress code also restrains their development of self confidence because, it makes them think there is only one way to dress that will present them in a respectable light. The feeling of there only being one way to dress respectively does not give them a chance to explore the diverse ways of dressing. The core value that states: â€Å"We believe that students should be encouraged to try new endeavors and take risks without fear of failure† is a big contradiction in school values and an enforced dress code. When Providence Day says they want kids to try different things without fear of failure, and then turn...

The Art of Atomic Diplomacy

The Art of Atomic Diplomacy The term â€Å"atomic diplomacy† refers to a nation’s use of the threat of nuclear warfare to achieve its diplomatic and foreign policy goals. In the years following its first successful test of an atomic bomb in 1945, the United States federal government occasionally sought to use its nuclear monopoly as a non-military diplomatic tool. World War II: The Birth of Nuclear Diplomacy During World War II, the United States, Germany, the Soviet Union, and Great Britain were researching designs of an atomic bomb for use as the â€Å"ultimate weapon.† By 1945, however, only the United States developed a working bomb. On August 6, 1945, the United States exploded an atomic bomb over the Japanese city of Hiroshima. In seconds, the blast leveled 90% of the city and killed an estimated 80,000 people. Three days later, on August 9, the U.S. dropped a second atomic bomb on Nagasaki, killing an estimated 40,000 people. On August 15, 1945, Japanese Emperor Hirohito announced his nation’s unconditional surrender in the face of what he called â€Å"a new and most cruel bomb.† Without realizing it at the time, Hirohito had also announced the birth of nuclear diplomacy. The First Use of Atomic Diplomacy While U.S. officials had used the atomic bomb in order to force Japan to surrender, they also considered how the immense destructive power of nuclear weapons could be used to strengthen the nation’s advantage in postwar diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union. When U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt approved the development of the atomic bomb in 1942, he decided not to tell the Soviet Union about the project. After Roosevelt’s death in April 1945, the decision of whether to maintain the secrecy of the U.S. nuclear weapons program fell to President Harry Truman. In July 1945, President Truman, along with Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin, and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill met in the Potsdam Conference to negotiate governmental control of already defeated Nazi Germany and other terms for the end of World War II. Without disclosing any specific details about the weapon, President Truman mentioned the existence of an especially destructive bomb to Joseph Stalin, leader of the growing and already feared Communist Party. By entering the war against Japan in mid-1945, the Soviet Union  placed itself in a position to play an influential part in the allied control of post-war Japan. While U.S. officials favored a U.S.-led, rather than a U.S.-Soviet shared occupation, they realized there was no way to prevent it. U.S. policymakers feared the Soviets might use its political presence in post-war Japan as a base for spreading communism throughout Asia and Europe. Without actually threatening Stalin with the atomic bomb, Truman hoped America’s exclusive control of nuclear weapons, as demonstrated by the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki would convince the Soviets to rethink their plans. In his 1965 book Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam, historian Gar Alperovitz contends that Truman’s atomic hints at the Potsdam meeting amounted to the first us of atomic diplomacy. Alperovitz argues that since the nuclear attacks on ​Hiroshima and Nagasaki were not needed to force the Japanese to surrender, the bombings were actually intended to influence postwar diplomacy with the Soviet Union. Other historians, however, contend that President Truman truly believed the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombing were needed to force the immediate unconditional surrender of Japan. The alternative, they argue would have been an actual military invasion of Japan with the potential cost of thousands of allied lives. US Covers Western Europe with a ‘Nuclear Umbrella’ Even if U.S. officials hoped the examples of Hiroshima and Nagasaki would spread Democracy rather than Communism throughout Eastern Europe and Asia, they were disappointed. Instead, the threat of nuclear weapons made the Soviet Union ever more intent on protecting its own borders with a buffer zone of communist-ruled countries. However, during the first several years after the end of World War II, the United States’ control of nuclear weapons was far more successful at creating lasting alliances in Western Europe. Even without placing large numbers of troops inside their borders, America could protect the Western Bloc nations under its â€Å"nuclear umbrella,† something the Soviet Union did not yet have. The assurance of peace for America and her allies under the nuclear umbrella would soon be shaken, however, as the U.S. lost its monopoly over nuclear weapons. The Soviet Union successfully tested its first atomic bomb in 1949, the United Kingdom in 1952, France in 1960, and the People’s Republic of China in 1964. Looming as a threat since Hiroshima, the Cold War had started. Cold War Atomic Diplomacy Both the United States and the Soviet Union frequently used atomic diplomacy during the first two decades of the Cold War. In 1948 and 1949, during the shared occupation of postwar Germany, The Soviet Union blocked the U.S. and other Western Allies from using all roads, railroads, and canals serving much of West Berlin. President Truman responded to the blockade by stationing several B-29 bombers that â€Å"could† have carried nuclear bombs if needed to U.S. airbases near Berlin. However, when the Soviets did not back down and lower the blockade, the U.S. and its Western Allies carried out the historic Berlin Airlift that flew food, medicine, and other humanitarian supplies to the people of West Berlin. Shortly after the start of the Korean War in 1950, President Truman again deployed the nuclear-ready B-29s as a signal to the Soviet Union of U.S. resolve to maintain democracy in the region. In 1953, near the end of the war, President Dwight D. Eisenhower considered, but chose not to use atomic diplomacy to gain an advantage in peace negotiations. And then the Soviets famously turned the tables in the Cuban Missile Crisis, the most visible and dangerous case of atomic diplomacy. In response to the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion of 1961  and the presence of U.S. nuclear missiles in Turkey and Italy, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev shipped nuclear missiles to Cuba in October 1962. U.S President John F. Kennedy responded by ordering a total blockade to prevent additional Soviet missiles from reaching Cuba and demanding that all nuclear weapons already on the island be returned to the Soviet Union. The blockade produced several tense moments as ships believed to be carrying nuclear weapons were confronted and turned away by the U.S. Navy. After 13 days of hair-raising atomic diplomacy, Kennedy and Khrushchev came to a peaceful agreement. The Soviets, under U.S. supervision, dismantled their nuclear weapons in Cuba and shipped them home. In return, the United States promised never again to invade Cuba without military provocation  and removed its nuclear missiles from Turkey and Italy. As a result of the Cuban Missile Crisis, the U.S. imposed severe trade and travel restrictions against Cuba that remained in effect until eased by President Barack Obama in 2016. The MAD World Shows the Futility of Atomic Diplomacy By the mid-1960s, the ultimate futility of atomic diplomacy had become evident. The nuclear weapons arsenals of the United States and the Soviet Union had become virtually equal in both size and destructive power. In fact, the security of both nations, as well as global peacekeeping, came to depend on a dystopian principle called â€Å"mutually assured destruction† or MAD. While President Richard Nixon briefly considered using the threat of nuclear weapons to hasten the end of the Vietnam War, he knew the Soviet Union would disastrously retaliate on behalf of North Vietnam and that both international and American public opinion would never accept the idea of using the atomic bomb. Since both the United States and the Soviet Union were aware that any full-scale first nuclear strike would result in the complete annihilation of both countries, the temptation to use nuclear weapons during a conflict was greatly diminished. As public and political opinion against the use or even the threatened use of nuclear weapons grew louder and more influential, the limits of atomic diplomacy became obvious. So while it is rarely practiced today, atomic diplomacy probably prevented the MAD scenario several times since World War II.   2019: US Withdraws from Cold War Arms Control Treaty On August 2, 2019, the United States formally withdrew from the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) with Russia. Originally ratified on 1 June 1988, the INF limited the development of ground-based missiles with a range of 500 to 5,500 kilometers (310 to 3,417 miles) but did not apply to air- or sea-launched missiles. Their uncertain range and their ability to reach their targets within 10 minutes made the mistaken use of the missiles a constant source of fears during the Cold War era. Ratification of the INF launched a lengthy subsequent process during which both the United States and Russia reduced their nuclear arsenals. In exiting the INF Treaty, the Donald Trump administration cited reports that Russia had been violating the treaty by developing of a new land-based, nuclear-capable cruise missile. After long denying the existence of such missiles, Russia recently claimed the missile’s range is less than 500 kilometers (310 miles) and thus not in violation of the INF Treaty. In announcing the US’ formal withdrawal from the INF treaty, Secretary of State Mike Pompeo placed sole responsibility for the demise of the nuclear treaty on Russia. â€Å"Russia failed to return to full and verified compliance through the destruction of its noncompliant missile system,† he said.

Women Characters in The White Queen (Wars of the Roses)

Women Characters in The White Queen (Wars of the Roses) In June, 2013, BBC One debuted a 10-part series, The White Queen, a depiction of the Wars of the Roses seen through the eyes of key women, and based on a series of historical novels by Philippa Gregory. The White Queen refers to Elizabeth Woodville, and The White Queen is the title of Gregorys first book in the series that is being adapted. Dont expect it to be exactly history but Gregory has respect for history, and that will likely show through in the series as well, even though there will be lots of poetic license taken. The other books in the series are The Red Queen  (about Margaret of Anjou), The Kingmakers Daughter  (about Anne Neville),The Lady of the Rivers (about Jacquetta of Luxembourg), The White Princess  (about Elizabeth of York)  and  The Kings Curse  (about Margaret Pole.) The sequel BBC One series,  The White Princess,  debuted in 2017. You can also see this as something of a prequel to the popular series, The Tudors. Elizabeth Woodville was the grandmother of King Henry VIII, featured in that series. Here are some of the women youll likely encounter in the series, and some of their interconnections youll see why Gregory called the series on the Wars of the Roses The Cousins War many close relatives found themselves on opposite sides. Many of the key characters traced their ancestry to the sons of Edward III of England, or to other kings of England. The White Queen and Her Family Elizabeth Woodville (1437 - 1492), widow of Sir John Grey who was on the Lancastrian side in the Wars of the Roses, and who was killed in the battle at St. Albans. The legend of her meeting with Edward IV under an oak tree by the side of a road is a very early one. That they secretly married and thwarted the marriage plans for Edward being made by Edwards uncle, the Earl of Warwick (known as the Kingmaker), is historical. One of her sons by John Grey was an ancestor of Lady Jane Grey.Jacquetta of Luxembourg, mother of Elizabeth Woodville, was a descendant of Englands King John. Her father was a French count. Jacquettas first husband was the brother of Henry V. She had no children by that first marriage, but at least ten by her second to Richard Woodville. She was accused during her lifetime of using witchcraft.Elizabeth of York (1466 - 1503), eldest daughter of Elizabeth Woodville and Edward IV, became the queen consort of Henry VII and mother of Henry VIII, Mary Tudor and Margaret T udor. Catherine or Katherine Woodville(~1458 - 1497), sister of Elizabeth Woodville, who married advantageously thanks to her connection to her sister the Queen. She became the Duchess of Buckingham and the Duchess of Bedford.Mary Woodville (~1456 - 1481), another sister of Elizabeth Woodville, was able to marry the heir to the Earl of Pembroke through her sisters connections. Her father-in-law was executed by Warwick, the Kingmaker.Cecily of York (1469 - 1507) was the second surviving daughter of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville. (An older sister, Mary of York, died in 1482, before she could be married.) Edward tried to marry her to the Scottish royal heir, then to that heirs brother, but Edward died before that could be complete. Then Cecilys marriages were arranged and unarranged by the next two kings, Richard III (her uncle) and Henry VII (her brother-in-law). The Kingmaker and His Family Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, (1428 - 1471) was a powerful figure in the drama of the Wars of the Roses. He used his female family connections to advantage, including gaining the Warwick title itself through his wifes inheritance. He was called the Kingmaker, as his presence and that of the troops he could muster would make a difference in which king won. Lady Anne Beauchamp (1426 - 1492), Countess of Warwick, wife of the Kingmaker, mother of Anne Neville and Isabella Neville. She was an heiress, inheriting the Warwick titles because no male heirs remained, and bringing them to her husband. She was descended on the maternal side from King Edward III and the powerful Despenser family.Cecily Neville (1415 - 1495), was the aunt of the Kingmaker. She was the mother of Edward IV as well as of George, Duke of Clarence, and Richard, Duke of Gloucester, was married to Richard, Duke of York, who was the heir of Henry VI and his protector during his minority and during one or more bouts of insanity. Both Cecily and her husband were descendants of King Edward III of England and his wife, Philippa of Hainault. Cecilys mother was a daughter of John of Gaunt and Katherine Swynford.Anne Neville (1456 - 1485), daughter of Richard, Duke of York, called the Kingmaker, who was a nephew of Cecily Neville. She first married Edward of York, son of Henry V I of England, but after his early death, married Richard, Duke of Gloucester, the future Richard III, brother of Edward IV (and son of Cecily Neville). Richard and Anne were first cousins once removed. Isabella Neville (1451 - 1476), sister of Anne Neville, and thus daughter of the Kingmaker and great niece of Cecily Neville. She was also known as Isabel. She married George, Duke of Clarence, a younger brother of Edward IV (and older brother of Richard III, Anne Nevilles second husband), and also a son of Cecily Neville. Isabella and George were first cousins once removed. From the House of Lancaster Margaret of Anjou (1429 - 1482), was the queen consort of the Lancastrian king, Henry VI of England, with whom Edward IV contended in the Wars of the Roses. Margaret of Anjou was herself an active Lancastrian leader. Elizabeth Woodville had been a maid of honor serving Margaret of Anjou when she married Sir John Grey.Margaret Beaufort (1443 - 1509) was the Red Queen to Elizabeth Woodvilles White Queen. She was married to Edmund Tudor when she was only 12, and gave birth to his child after he died in Yorkist captivity. That child later became Henry VII. Though she married twice more, she never had more children, and threw her support to her sons cause in the Wars of the Roses. More? These women arent likely to be in the series, except by reference, but are important to the context of the story. Catherine of Valois (1401 - 1437), sister-in-law of Jacquetta, was the queen consort of Henry V of England and mother of Lancaster king Henry VI. She was also the grandmother of Henry VII, the first Tudor king, via her second husband, Owen Tudor. This is the same Henry VII who married Elizabeth Woodvilles daughter, Elizabeth of York. Catherines father was Charles VI of France. She is not likely to make an appearance in The White Queen: she died the year that Elizabeth Woodville was born.Margaret of Burgundy, a sister of Edward IV who was friendly with Edwards new wife Elizabeth Woodville. Margaret was married off to the Duke of Burgundy a few years after Edward became king, and after the Tudor triumph, her home became a haven for Yorkists in exile.Lady Jane Grey was descended from one of Elizabeth Woodvilles sons by her first husband, John Grey, and from one of Elizabeth Woodvilles daughters, Elizabeth of York, by her second husband Edward IV, through Elizabeth of Yorks and Henry VII s daughter Mary Tudor. Margaret Pole (1473 - 1541) was the daughter of Isabella Neville and George, Duke of Clarence. She was a peeress in her own right, and eventually earned the enmity of Tudor King Henry VIII. The Roman Catholic Church beatified her as a martyr in 1886.Elizabeth Tilney (1447 - 1497) was a lady-in-waiting to Elizabeth Woodville. Whether shell appear in the series I doubt, but it would be a subtle foreshadowing of the Tudor era: she was grandmother to both Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard, second and fifth wives of Henry VIII. One way women often got entangled into the Wars of the Roses: illegitimacy controversies. Learn more about some of those: Birther Controversies and the Wars of the Roses Many of these same women were portrayed in Shakespeares Richard III as well.

LAND LAW II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

LAND LAW II - Essay Example These exceptions include: (a) An act of generosity (Helsop v Burns, which you already mentioned it) (b)Service Occupancy (Crane v Morris) (c) Occupancy by virtue of office (d) Occypancy prior to completion of contract of sale Indeed, by definition, the very first requirement for a lease is exclusive possession. Without an exclusive possession, there is no way a lease can be finalized. This is so because the exclusive possession taken by the person taking the lease, and hereby known as the tenant gives that person the right to exclude all people from the property in question. Such exclusion does not only involve third parties and people outside the transfer transaction but also includes the landlord and all agents of the landlord. This underlining legal phenomenon notwithstanding, it has been argued in most quarters of statutory practice that an occupier who enjoys exclusive possess is not necessarily a tenant (Gray and Grey, 2009, p. 341). A major premise to this argument is given in Street v Mountford [1985]. In the case, the court gave a clear judgment to the effect that a person’s occupation of a property could either amount to being a tenant or only a licence. What was rather very relevant in determining tenancy was the content of the agreement and not what the parties choose to call their agreement. This is in regard to what Lord Templeman stated while giving judgement that â€Å"an agreement for exclusive possession for a term at a rent creates a lease or tenancy, regardless of what the parties call it† Street v Mountford [1985]. Heslop v Burns [1974] is another case that throws some light on the statement that even though a tenant must have exclusive possession, an occupier who enjoys exclusive possession is not necessarily a tenant. In the case, it is seen that in situations where there is an act of generosity, charity or friendship, even if exclusive possession occurs, this may not amount to the occupier becoming a tenant if there are no intentions to create a legal relation. The fact of the case has it that a wealthy man allows friends to occupy his house for free without rent. This notwithstanding, the friends had exclusive possession; and latter the wealthy man died. Meanwhile in principle, it is contested that the presence of exclusive possession is only worth being regarded as a licence if it comes about as a friendly arrangement with no intentions to create legal relations. Indeed, the same basis of the principle was held in the judicial hearing, concluding that the arrangement was only a licence. This is a very clear confirmation that as posited by Lord Templeman, an exclusive possession is not always equal to a tenancy. In another case, of Rhodes v Dalby [1971], a premise is given to the effect that a person may have occupancy with exclusive possession but may not necessarily be a tenant. The fact of that case has it that a man who was travelling abroad asked a friend to live in his bungalow whiles he was aw ay. Between the two parties, what existed was a â€Å"gentleman’s agreement†, ordering the friend to be taking care of the property and keeping it in shape. In the situation, and in situation of this nature, because the owner of the property leaves the property

Linguistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Linguistics - Essay Example The article under study reveals critical data and additional information on all aspects of English as second language (ESL) and language in education across United States. There is significant cultural diversity which is reflected in demographic distribution across various states and subsequent disparity in languages spoken by the population. According to the data from United States Bureau of Census, it is evident that there is substantial pattern of bilingualism in which the better part of the population is caught between their native language and English. Spanish and Portugal have remained the commonly spoken language which reflects increased immigration of South American and Caribbean into USA. There are other languages spoken by the multicultural minority community in the US when they are at home or areas of their ethnic dominance (Finegan and John 280). Investigation and analysis of this article therefore puts it clear that English is considered second language by a larger propo rtion of United States population. It is important to note that from the time of Theodora Roosevelt, the government stepped up campaign for multiculturism and unity through one common language which is English. This means that various immigrant languages were to be spoken but English remained the symbol of national unity. The consequences of poor mastery of English by immigrants ranged from social interaction challenges to economic obstacles. However, research still indicates that most of the immigrant communities still speak their languages at home even as they seek to shift steadily to English. In a bid to ensure that English became national language, the curriculum and general education sector was structured to be executed in English. In this respect, any child in United State that seeks to seek higher education is compelled to understand

God In The Jewish Tradition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

God In The Jewish Tradition - Essay Example Clearly, the meaning of God is one that is uniquely personal to each and every person. Only the individual can decide what God means to them which is based to a great degree on the individual's values and personal beliefs. The role that God plays in that individual's life and religion will be strongly based on these subjective assessments, but it will also be strongly influenced by the teachings of the synagogue, the rabbi, and the traditions that the individual experienced as they grew. In many tales of the Jewish faith, it was God who helped keep the Israelites alive throughout all their various persecutions through history, creating a type of human-like heroic identity. It was God who led them out of Israel and slavery and it was God who spoke to them through burning bushes and from mountaintops while they wandered in the desert, giving them help and direction. Mordecai Kaplan, known as the father of Reconstructionism, who pushed this type of identification of God. In his writings , he said that God chose the Jews and determined to help them with their success (Kaplan, 1937). However, Kaplan was not necessarily suggesting that God was a personality. Instead, he was attempting to say that God was something greater than this. He said, â€Å"God is neither a being nor a philosophical abstraction. God is a creative force in the universe. He was an inspiration for the Jews and the voice that gave with both hands" (1937). Even here, though, God seems to be a greater than normal personality.

Athletes and Drugs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Athletes and Drugs - Research Paper Example on drug abuse because current trends indicate that college athletes are also inreasingly abusing drugs not only for recreational purposes but to enhance their athletic ability. According to Sturmey, the use of recreational drugs and performance enhancing drugs among athletes has increased exponentially since the 1980s leading to the deaths of several athletes and banning of others from competitions (859). Drugs are substances that alter physiological processes in the body and their usage can result to significant tisssue damage and even death. In sports, drugs usage abuse the integrity of the competition by providing the drug users with unfair advantage. The irony in the whole scenario is that athletes are expected to be conscious of their health and aviod habits that can jeorpadize their chances in competitions. However, the need to be more stringer has driven athletes to use strength enhancing drugs. The pressure and stress associated with athletics also drive some athletes to take recreational drugs. Evidence of Drug Abuse by College Athletes. A study conducted by The Higher Education Center for Alcohol and Other Drug use and Violence Prevention, realized that drug abuse among college athletes was on the increase and had actually surpassed drug abuse among non-athletes. The observed trend was a total turn around to previous findings that had realized that athletes were unlikely to use drugs because they needed to maintain physical fitness. A study conducted by Meldrum & Judy established that already 1% of college athletes were using anabolic steroids and a further 12% revealed that they were considering to use strength enhancing anabolic steroids. A related study documented in Family Practice Notebook outlines that in the current situation in America 80%-88% of college students consume alcohol, 20%-36% use marijuana, 17% use Cocaine, 8% use amphetamine and 2%-6% use anabolic steroids. The findings of these studies are shocking and indicate college athletes are

Financial theories Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Financial theories - Research Paper Example This theory applied to establish the expected rate of return on investments to pricing models of modern assets. Some of the attributes include the support of what information can be supportive for strategic investment (Shankman, 1999). Agency theory aimed at the ever-present relationship of agency, in which delegation of work takes place from one person to another, usually the principal and agent. The agency theory deals with the agency clashes, between principals and agents (Bamberg & Spremann, 1987). This theory has certain attributes which includes: (1) ambiguity in routine conclusions, (2) unfavorable choice, and (3) nature of work performed (Bamberg & Spremann, 1987). Agency Costs of free-cash-flow occur between stockholders and managers’ conflict. These conflict arises where a firms with large cash flows than positive investment forecast. The attributes are: (1) agency costs of free cash flow’s reduction benefit in debts and (2) substitution of debt against dividends (Bowie & Freeman, 1992). Theory of Capital Structure provides the companies to organize their financial sources from internal to equity financing. Capital raising sources includes equity or debt, to equity is treated as less preferred means of raising capital. Firms usually, large firms raise their debts to support the dividend’s payment while small firms cut their debts to disburse dividend (Myers & Nicholas, 1984). â€Å"Economic Value Added Theory† (EVA) is a technique of financial performance to compute the profit of a firm. Coca-Cola and General Motors are good examples of this theory. The attributes of this theory includes: (1) maximization of the wealth of shareholders, and (2) investors expectation of company’s growth in future profits against the cost of capital (Hayne, 1998). â€Å"Weighted average cost of Capital is the rate of return, sometimes called discount rate† (Shankman, 1999). This applied in assessing weather the project is viable or not in the

Athletes and Drugs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Athletes and Drugs - Research Paper Example on drug abuse because current trends indicate that college athletes are also inreasingly abusing drugs not only for recreational purposes but to enhance their athletic ability. According to Sturmey, the use of recreational drugs and performance enhancing drugs among athletes has increased exponentially since the 1980s leading to the deaths of several athletes and banning of others from competitions (859). Drugs are substances that alter physiological processes in the body and their usage can result to significant tisssue damage and even death. In sports, drugs usage abuse the integrity of the competition by providing the drug users with unfair advantage. The irony in the whole scenario is that athletes are expected to be conscious of their health and aviod habits that can jeorpadize their chances in competitions. However, the need to be more stringer has driven athletes to use strength enhancing drugs. The pressure and stress associated with athletics also drive some athletes to take recreational drugs. Evidence of Drug Abuse by College Athletes. A study conducted by The Higher Education Center for Alcohol and Other Drug use and Violence Prevention, realized that drug abuse among college athletes was on the increase and had actually surpassed drug abuse among non-athletes. The observed trend was a total turn around to previous findings that had realized that athletes were unlikely to use drugs because they needed to maintain physical fitness. A study conducted by Meldrum & Judy established that already 1% of college athletes were using anabolic steroids and a further 12% revealed that they were considering to use strength enhancing anabolic steroids. A related study documented in Family Practice Notebook outlines that in the current situation in America 80%-88% of college students consume alcohol, 20%-36% use marijuana, 17% use Cocaine, 8% use amphetamine and 2%-6% use anabolic steroids. The findings of these studies are shocking and indicate college athletes are

Biosocial Theory of Crime Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Biosocial Theory of Crime - Assignment Example Psychological theories of crime deals with the relationship between the crime and antisocial behaviors and the thinking process of a person.PostulationThe theory postulates that criminal behavior results from individual distinctions in thinking processes. Accordingly, there are different psychological theories, but they all agree that it is the person's feelings and thoughts that dictate criminal actions.Real life CaseIn the case of Mary Agnes who was convicted of murdering her own child, Bryant, T. (2009), observes that the mother had no criminal background or anything that could have influenced the killing. In this case, he concludes that her psychological process would have experienced a dysfunction that prompted her to kill, (pg.443). Social structure theoryThis theory suggests that the social-economic status of a person can influence them to commit crimes especially for economic gains. In this case, people who are placed lowly in the social ladder are more vulnerable to joining criminal activities.PostulationThe theory postulates that the place of people in the socioeconomic structure has a direct influence on their chances of becoming criminals. Accordingly, Jordens, P. (2006), declares that there is more likelihood of poor people committing crimes as a result of failure to achieve social success using other ways, (pg.312).To explain this theory, Jordens, P. (2006) cites the case of Aliata Michaal. In the case, Aliata Michaal was accused of robbery with violence on 12th June 1996.

Electronic Communications Essay Example for Free

Electronic Communications Essay As time goes by, the world is changing rapidly; so are its people and the technology itself. Technology brings about a lot of amendments in people’s life. It is getting more advanced from day to day especially when it comes to Information Technology or in this case; electronic communications. Back then, mailing was seemingly to be one of the most vital ways of communication especially for the world communication. In contrast, nowadays people are more prone to communicate the easier ways; by staring on their electronic accounts on their computers or through their iPods and sending short messages from their iPhones or Blackberries. Why is it so? In my slight opinion, this growing trend gives a lot of dominances in today’s life, which are helping people to save their time and money, create borderless communication and make it easy for people to gain prominent information. First and foremost, the world today is turning more to electronic communications like e-mail, Facebook and Short Message System (SMS) and other electronic communications is because they will prevent people from wasting their time and money. How do these work? As we all know, sending a letter to someone will take a lot of processes and will eventually take a long time and waste a lot of money. On the contrary, electronic communications entail only the tip of our fingers so as an electronic device to work with. Then, what is left for us to do is just, typing! Has that not taken a much lesser time and money? For instance, an e-mail only requires us to turn on our laptops, open our accounts on the website and then, you can start write your letter and send them through e-mails. In short, with the very unstable economy nowadays, having these kinds of communications will ease everyone’s burden especially on their daily expenses and also their valuable time will not be wasted. Secondly, the growing trend of electronic communications is making it possible for a borderless communication which is vital these days. Why is it vital? A lot of things require borderless communication; in education field, businesses and even daily activities, especially when foreigners involved. For example, when trading with foreigners, in order to communicate with each other, they need Skype or Yahoo Messenger as mediums to interact and be able to do the trade at a faster rate as compared to by using ‘snail mails’ or regular letters. Skype is the perfect example of an electronic communication which will cut he boundary that has separated each country and make communication between two different countries from around the world possible. In conclusion, it is crucial to have these electronic communications in today’s age of globalization as they make it easier for people around the world to connect with each other. Last but not least, the dominance of these electronic communications is people could gain prominent information more efficiently than before. As there are lesser borders between countries, the efficiency of getting much more relevant and prominent information is higher. People will have the ability to provide and gain information effectively through Facebook or Twitter accounts. For example, international artists who have planned to do a world concert can inform their fans about it through their Facebook account. Likewise, the fans also can ask just about anything to their favourite artists regarding the concert. Hence, this explains why people make these electronic communications as a huge trend these days and in order to keep the trend ongoing, each person has the responsibility to adapt with the technology itself. In a nutshell, the growing trend of using electronic communications is inevitably vital in people’s lives as it gives out a lot of benefits as stated in above paragraphs. So, to avoid ourselves from not getting the chance of keeping up with the changing trends, we have to try our best to adapt ourselves with the rapid changes. I believe that the electronic communication trend is a trend which is very important to be followed as the world is getting more advanced day to day.

Attitudes and behavior

Attitudes and behavior ABSTRACT The paper focuses on attitudes and behavior on the concept of the youths buying behavior towards branded sports shoes, different consumers have got different decision making process. The buyers ultimate goal is to buy the product of qualitative, quantitative with low/best affordable price. In order to identify different kinds of consumers behavior towards buying of different branded shoes and Nike sports shoe. I have carried out buying behavior of youth and different kind of consumer behavior models, literature and theory of consumer behavior; finally, I analyzed and concluded with research based on questionnaire of Nike shoes and case studies of Nike sports shoes at Halmstad University. 1. INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND Introduction: Why studying youth buying behaviour? Youth is perhaps the most difficult demographic group to communicate with. Not only they have a short attention span, they are also elusive in media consumption, fickle in brand preference, and simply challenging to engage and entertain. Marketers spend millions in marketing research every year trying to predict, or anticipate, changing youth behaviours. With the continually proliferating choices of sports shoe, not only does this group embrace technology at an early age, it quickly becomes the early adopters of all new trends and convergent platforms. One can argue that whatever youth does today foreshadows what older demographic groups will adopt in the near future. All this makes it extremely difficult to understand and target their behaviours. Background Consumer has been elated with the kind of reception; they are getting from various companies these days. The reason behind a drastic change in consumer behavior is because the consumer is no more treated as a hire purchaser but, he is treated as the decider of the companys fortune. Companies or marketers cannot hire any fortuneteller to guess the consumers attitude. Guessing or measuring the consumers attitude is not a cake walk but this is because predicting consumers attitude is as tough as predicting consumers mind (Bheri, 2004). Consumers are continuously choosing among the various products though they are not aware of the products and usage, even though they are intentionally purchasing the various new brands without any knowledge about the new products, furthermore if new company enters into the market, for every consumer it is very difficult to understand the features of the news products and this makes confusion among the consumers to obtain the information. For example: If one local company enters into the market then to gain the knowledge about the features of the new product, it will take long time for the consumers to understand (Nelson, 1970). The term consumer can be described as a person who acquires goods and services for self satisfaction and his often used to describe two different kinds of consuming entities: the personal consumers and organizational consumers. The personal consumers buy goods and services for his/her own use. In this context, the goods are bought for final use by individual, who are organizational consumers, they encompasses for profit and not for profit business, government agencies, institutions, all of them must buy products, equipment and services in order to run their organization (Hawkins, Best and Coney 1998). The consumer will respond according to the product quality and reliability, the fundamental understanding of products is necessary to understand the product features, products reliability and product benefits (Baker, 2004). The consumer is the end user for the product; consumers buy the products in market; in order to perform successful sales operations in the market an effective distribution channel and networks are required for the organizations. Distribution channels and networks play an important role in the consumer goods industry. Consumer is the ultimate user of every product, without any consumer there is no market as such (Baker, 2004). Every region wise the different consumers are using different kind of products. Every consumer has their own tastes and preferences. So, every consumers opinions and preferences are different from one another. The local marketers have good idea about, what the local consumers are using (region wise). For example: The south Indian food habits and tastes and preferences are different, when compared to north Indian food habits (Thomas, 2004). Based on above paragraph, direct marketing activities have big impact on every consumer, because through direct marketing every company knows about the behavior of every consumer in the market. Manufacturing companies, retailer and suppliers do not have an idea about the consumer behavior in the local market. So, author suggested that direct marketing activities should be left to the local market leaders, because the local market leaders have best idea of local market and local consumer behavior. This theory helps for the organization and sub-organizations to know the consumer behavior in different market environments, taste and preferences of the consumer behavior (Thomas, 2004). McDonalds would not have made a big impact in the Indian market had it persisted with its U.S. product line that included beef products, moreover, McDonalds repositioned the brand as family-oriented and children-friendly, catering the traditional Indian middle- class segment that finds pride in its family culture and is especially conscious of childcare. So in this point of view Mc Donalds have approached differently, because they identified that, which they followed earlier that will not get good impact on their business so, they immediately changed the business line to achieve the targets, thus, this is one kind of business strategy to achieve the set goals in huge populated countries (Dash, 2005). For perspective of globalization we can not change the system of tastes and preferences of Consumers. Another instance demonstrating the ignorance of local tastes in the wake of globalization features the multinational mobile phone makers, Nokia had tasted success with its soap-bar designed phones and ceased producing the flip phones that consumers found irritating to use (Zaccai, 2005). The Chinese business people are giving importance to Chinese traditional, patriotic values; the business people are running their businesses by showing their traditional, patriotic advertisement and promotional campaigns to get the business from the Chinese people. The Chinese consumers perspective, by assessing their preferences amongst a host of advertisements and promotional campaigns, later on the business people are started the global Advertisement campaigns with status and social appeal, they sought immense pride in clinging to the traditional, cultural and patriotic values through the local campaigns, with this theory helps by knowing the Chinese consumer behavior and also they are giving same importance to traditional and patriotic values in the name of advertisements. Finally, they want the advertisements with traditional and patriotic values of Chinese culture (Zhou and Belk, 2004). The consumers mind is different from one another in this as author said in the definition that according to the human psychology, demographical differences, age sex and to understand people needs. (Kotler, 2004), to assess the influences of every consumer approach is different, in theory explained that consumer is treated as decider of the company, what ever the product comes to the market, the consumer is the ultimate purchaser for every product, some times the consumers are choosing, selecting and going for family decision making to choose differently, in one point of time the consumers differentiated and explained that they are going for personal and some of the them are using products for profit. Demographical differences make new food habits for every consumer. The choice of variation for every consumer (Kotler, 2004). The example of above paragraph, two countries, therefore Chinese consumers are giving respect to traditional and patriotic values, where as Indian consumers are more religious when they are using the products. These are influences that make the consumer to purchase different products; mostly those influences are more related to the physiological, demographical, social, cultural, economic, family and business influences. According to Kotler (1994), consumer behavior is the study of how people buy, what they buy, when they buy and why they buy. It is a subcategory of marketing that blends elements from psychology, sociology, socio psychology, anthropology and economics. It attempts to understand the buyer decision making process, both individually and in groups. It studies characteristics of individual consumers such as demographics, psychographics, and behavioral variables in an attempt to understand people needs. It also tries to assess influences on the consumer from group such as family friends, reference groups, and society in general (Kotler, 1994) for example while consumers purchase the shoe, then they go for family decision, comfort, satisfaction, price and quality. Every family member doesnt have the same opinion to buy the same product; different family members have different choice to buy the product. So, in one family consumer behavior is different (Kotler, 1994). 2. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The purpose of this dissertation is to contribute to a better knowledge of consumer buying behavior towards purchasing the sports shoes. The aim of the thesis is to find out the factors influencing the youth in purchasing sports shoes. The purpose of the study could be expressed by the following research question. Assessment factors, which influence the youth to buy sports shoes? 3. LITERATURE REVIEW The Definition: Consumer-buying behavior according to Kotler (2004, p.601) is defined as The buying behavior consumers individuals and house holds who buy goods and services for personal consumption. the term consumer can be described as a person who acquires goods and services for self satisfaction is often used to describe two different kinds of consuming entities: the personal consumers and the organizational consumers. The personal consumers buy goods and services for his/her own use. In this context the goods are bought for final use by individual, who are organizational consumers, encompasses for profit and not for profit business, government agencies, institutions, all of them must buy products, equipment and services in order to run their organization (Kotler, 2004). Peter and Olson, (1993) mention that interactions between the peoples emotions, moods, affection and specific feelings is called consumer behavior, in other words in environmental events which they exchange ideas and benefits each is called consumer behavior . Buying behavior of people, who purchase products for personal use and not for business purposes (Peter and Olson, 1993). The Physical actions of consumers that can directly observe and measured by others, by influencing behavior profit can be earned (kotler, Armstrong and Cunningham, 1989). The study of consumer behavior has evolved in early emphasis on rational choice (microeconomics and classical decision theory) to focus on apparently irrational buying needs (some motivation research) and the use of logical flow models of bounded rationality (Howard and Sheth 1989). The latter approach has depended into what is often called the information processing model (Bettman 1979). The information processing model regards the consumer as a logical thinker who solves problem to make purchasing decision (Holbrook and Hirschman 1980). Compares the four major approaches to create successful inter-organizational relationships and integrates them into a single prescription for managing important inter firm relationships (Palmatier, Dant and Grewal, 2007). Service fails, in satisfying the customers and developing customer loyalty over time in business to business markets. Cyert (1956) may have been the first to observe that a number of managers in addition to the purchasing agents are involved in buying process, and the concept was labeled buying behavior and popularized by Robinson (Faris and Win 1967). Webster and Wind (1972) famously identified five buying roles, they are: 1. users 2. Influencer 3.buyer 4. decider and 5 Gatekeeper (Webster and wind, 1972). Further categories have been suggested as the initiator (Bonoma, 1981), and the analyst and spectator by Wilson (Wilson, 1998). The product purchase decision is not always done by the user. The buyer necessarily purchases the product. Marketers must decide at whom to direct their promotional efforts, the buyer or the user. They must identify the person who is most likely to influence the decision. If the marketers understand consumer behavior, they are able to predict how consumers are likely to react to various informational and environmental cues, and are able to shape their marketing strategies accordingly (kotler, 1994). The consumer behavior influences are follows: The consumer behavior influences in 3 aspects, they are acquiring, using and disposing. The acquiring means that how the consumer spends money on the products, such as leasing, trading and borrowing. Using means some of the consumers use the high price products and some of the consumer sees the quality. Disposing is nothing but distribution, order or places a particular product (Hoyer, Deborah, 2001). By understanding consumer behavior deeply, different authors have given different information about the consumer behavior, how consumer buys the products, it involves four steps they are: need recognition, information search, evaluation of alternatives, purchase decision and post purchase behavior, the marketer can pick up many clues as and how to meet the buyer need and develop an effective program to support an attractive offer to the target market (Kanuk, 1990). According to Kotler (1994), the Consumers buying decision process is influenced by four steps those are as follows: Types of consumer buying decision behavior: Consumer buying behavior decision-making varies with the type buying decision. There are different types of buying behavior decisions. Complex buying behavior: Consumers undertake complex buying behavior when they are highly involved in purchase and complex buying behavior and perceive significant difference among the brands. Consumers may be highly involved when the product are expensive, risky, purchased in frequently and are highly expensive (Kotler, 1994). Dissonance Reducing buying behavior occurs when consumers are highly involved with an expensive, infrequent or risky purchase, but sees little difference among various brands (Kotler, 1994). Variety Consumers undertake variety seeking buying behavior in situations characterized by low consumer involvement, but significant perceived brand difference. In such cases, consumers often do a lot brand scrutiny (Kotler, 1994). 4. THE BUYING DECISION PROCESS Introduction of buying decision process Consumers make many buying decisions every day. Mostly large companies do extensive research on consumer buying decision, to answer questions like what does consumer buy, where they buy, how they buy, how much they buy, when they buy and why do they buy a product, for this question to reorganize the decision different stages needed they are, information search, and evaluation of alternatives, purchase decision and post purchase decision etc., The consumer passes through all five stages with every purchase, but in more routine purchases, consumers often skip or reverse some of these stages (Hawkins, Coney, 1998). The buying decision process The buying process starts with need recognition, where as buyer recognize the need. The buyers decision is depending on his/her internal external stimuli of consumer behavior. The internal and external stimuli of consumer behavior means that the consumer, which product should purchase, how much wants to purchase and externally which products are more reliable and usable. According to this internal and external stimulis the buyer will take the decision (Hawkins, Coney, 1998). The consumers are searching the information from the various sources those are information search, personal source, commercial sources, public sources and experimental sources; this is also process of the buying decision process before purchase of the product (Hawkins, Coney, 1998). Information search: The consumer can obtain information from any of several sources, which includes: Personal source: family, friends, neighbors, acquaintance etc. Commercial sources: advertising, sales people, dealers, packaging, displays. Public sources: mass media, consumer-rating organizations etc. Experimental sources: handling, examining, using of the product. Consumers receive most of the information about a product from commercial sources, which are controlled by the marketer. The most effective source however tend to be personal. Personal sources appear to be even more important in influencing the purchase. Evaluation of Alternatives: The consumer evaluates all the alternatives available to him/her to arrive at a brand choice. The consumer will see the product as a bundle of attributes with varying capacities, which satisfies his or her needs. The consumer will pay more attention to those attributes connected with their needs. The consumer is likely to develop a set of brand beliefs about, where each brand stands on each attribute. These of beliefs held about the particular brand is known as brand image, according to the beliefs and preferences of the consumer, evaluates the alternative products instead of using existing products (Kotler, 2004). Purchase decision: In the evaluation stage, the consumer ranks all the brands and makes a purchase intention. Generally the consumer purchase decision is to buy the most preferred brand, when purchasing a products, consumer will think about two things, which can be, purchase decision and purchase intention. The attitude of others and unexpected situation factors both directly or indirectly effects the consumers final decision to buy a particular brand. (Kotler, 2004). Post purchase behavior: The buyers job does not end when the product is brought. After purchasing the product, the consumer will be satisfied or dissatisfied and will be engaged in post purchase behavior. The satisfaction or dissatisfaction of the purchase of a particular product depends on the relationship between the consumer expectation and the consumer disappointment, if it meets the consumer expectations, the consumer can get satisfied. And if it exceeds he/she is delighted (Gilly and Gelb, 1986). 5. THEORETICAL FRAME WORK Consumer Involvement Theory The consumer involvement theory means that, how the consumer involving the purchase of various products in the market, after purchasing the product, how the consumer responding towards the products called consumer involvement theory. The consumers get the information through advertising, for that they purchase, use, and react that they see and hear about the products that they buy (Barry, 1987). Level of involvement an individuals intensity of interest in a product and the importance of the product for that person, those are enduring involvement and situational involvement (Homewood IL Irwin, 1987). Routinized response behavior is that the process used when buying frequently purchased low-cost items that requires little search- and decision-effort (Homewood IL Irwin, 1987). The consumer involved in purchasing of products and usage and, also, various aspects like high involvement and low involvement in process of purchasing of products. The consumer some times involves high and low in purchasing products, so, theory of involvement is explaining that the consumer recognizes the importance of the purchase and it considers that the degree of perceived risk, moreover, it reflects on self image perhaps information processing may be different from one another (Ray, 1973). The low involvement theory is explaining that the consumer would accept wide range of products with positive attitude with do-feel-learn strategy, firstly the consumer select any kind of product, use the product, if they are not sure about how to use the product, and they learn how to use the product. To purchase a new computer in market and using of the computer, if they are not satisfied then they go for learning of how to use the computer. The low involvement of consumer will be in manner that do-feel-learn strategy (Ray, 1973). In one of the consumer article author explained about the consumers, are influenced by television commercials and their relationship effectiveness of advertisements (Krugman 1987). High involvement theory is rational and emotional, and it is explaining about the consumers participations in the context very actively without any hesitation, moreover, they look after extensive problem solving. In this theory of involvement the consumers learn about the product, use the product, if they are feeling that the product is comfortable to use it, and then they go for buying the product, so this is called high involvement because after usage, they definitely buy the products. The high involvement theory is reversible order to low involvement theory like learn-feel-do strategy (Debruicker, 1979). How the involvement theory is useful, the emotions, specific feelings, learning of every product and involves when they want to use it and when they want to purchase it. So, this theory helps when the consumer purchasing any kind of product or after using the product. 6. CONSUMER BEHAVIOR MODELS Introduction Intergradations of three models There are three types of models, which will explain about consumers process of basic needs to selecting one particular product, In order to process consumer behavior the following three models are important, the first and foremost model is that the Hierarchy model of consumer behavior, in this model the author said that, without any basic needs the consumer can not survive, so, the consumer should have some basic needs, which have been explained below, secondly the consumer behavior model. In this model author mentioned about research and planning, in this process, the researchers are taking samples from consumer before manufacturing the new products in the market. Finally, lens model has been explained that in order to choice/select a product by the consumer. Most early psychologists studied people who had psychological problems, but Maslow Hierarchy needs tells us about the needs of consumer behavior. Hierarchy needs of consumer behavior model (Simons, Irwin and Drinnien, 1987) Maslow believes that people seek to fulfill five categories of needs. (Simons, Irwin and Drinnien, 1987) Maslows given the hierarchy needs for consumer behavior, before starting about the consumer behavior, the consumer needs are important; usually every consumer have some hierarchy needs, they are; self actualization needs, esteem needs, belonging needs, safety and security needs and psychological needs (Simons, Irwin and Drinnien, 1987). The self actualization needs: The term actualization means that the intrinsic growth of what is already in the organism, or more accurately, of what the organism is called self actualization needs. For example: one can play the music, he is called musician or artist, and one can paint the art is called painter, one can write the poems, is called poet. For surviving in competitive world one profession is important, this profession is not only for surviving, but also one kind of need for human being. In small words to understand simply one individual potentiality develop him by doing something; it is called the self actualization (Simons, Irwin and Drinnien, 1987). The author suggests that the self actualization need is important when the consumer wants to survive, consumer came with new professions, and it is one kind of need, it will help the consumer to survive in this competitive world (Simons, Irwin and Drinnien, 1987). Esteem needs: The term esteem means that need for things that reflect on self-esteem, personal worth, social recognition, and accomplishment, for example one can travel in the bus, motor bike, and car respectively, depends on his/her financial position they can travel. In this case travel is a need, so, in smaller words, if one can economically sound, then he/she arranges the esteemed need according to their financial possession (Simons, Irwin and Drinnien, 1987). The author said that, if she/he needs the esteem needs, then they should have good economic possession, if not no necessary to maintain the car or motor bike, it is very easy to use the public bus or walk (Simons, Irwin and Drinnien, 1987). Social needs: The social needs includes love of family or friends, for example, the boy loves his girl friend, the relationship between husband and wife, one child belongs to one family This is called belongingness or love (Simons, Irwin and Drinnien, 1987). This is one kind of need for every consumer, because every consumer has their personal belongingness and love. Safety needs: The safety might include living in an area away from threats. This level is more likely to be found in children as they have a greater need to feel safe. For example one wants to live safe and secure life in the society. Finally, always consumer wants to live a life, which is safe and secured (Simons, Irwin and Drinnien, 1987). Physiological needs: It includes the very basic need air, warmth, food, sleep, stimulation and activity. People can die due to lack of biological needs and equilibrium common needs like food, water, oxygen and other common minimum needs are wanted for every one to survive in the world. This is also a basic need of consumer (Simons, Irwin and Drinnien, 1987) Consumer behavior model The concept of consumer behavior model is that, all the consumer minds are not the same, because every consumer thinks in different manner and purchasing of products also different. The below figure is saying about the research and planning, now a days the products are many, the consumer is attracting towards new products and its features. The manufacturing companies are designing the products, before manufacturing of new products the researchers are taking the samples for research from the consumers, after taking the samples from the consumers, researchers are doing the research about the products, it encourages companies to constantly innovate better ways to serve the consumer needs (Yeowzah, 2003). The research planning depending on product design, insights and action. As author saying about the design, if products designs are good then every consumer attracted towards purchasing of new products, the product design is possible only by doing research. The insights is nothing but the product features, the product features are depend upon good research and planning, without any research and planning there is no product as such. In between these two aspects the action takes place to do good research and to get good results in the market (Yeowzah, 2003). 2. Consumer behavior model (Yeowzah, 2003) http://www.yeowzah.com/consumer_behavior_model.htm The significance of consumer behavior decision theory in some cases consumer has clear and strong choice or preference for particular product to purchase. According to the customer preference, companies can increase their sales to develop the 4 Ps marketing to affect the customer preference and test. Company can design the product to attract the customer to make the better sales. To analyze the competitor activity and make the most battle plan to fight in to the market (Hauser, 1993). Lens Model Product Features Perceptions Preferences Psycho-social cues Availability, Price Choice Lens model (Hauser, 1993) Description: The above lens model says that, the product features and perceptions are inter dependent, because the consumer see the product features before purchasing any product in the market, the product features arrow showing towards perception, the perception is nothing but understanding of the product, in this process consumer will understand about the product, after understanding the product, the perceptions is going to be preference of various products (Hauser, 1993). In this process of preference product, the consumer prefers the products, after preferring the product, consumer select the particular product that is called choice. The final arrow showing towards choice, but this whole process depends on consumer psycho-social cues and availability price of the products in the market (Hauser, 1993). The second way is that the psycho-social cues and perceptions are also inter dependent with the help of these two terms the consumer prefers the product and finally choose/select the product (Hauser, 1993). The third way is that the consumer chooses the product with the help of psycho-social cues, which means psychological influences, understanding of the product and availability price of the products (Hauser, 1993). NIKES INTRODUCTION (NIKES CASE STUDIES) The company was established in 1968. Philip H. Knight is the chairman and CEO of the company. The first idea was given by Philip knight to manufacture the shoes, the idea behind this concept is that, when he was studying MBA in Stanford University in USA, he completed the course and he was trying to do the project in different marketing contexts, for this project, he went to Japan to do project in tiger shoes in Japan, it is one of the best shoes brands in Japan, at the same time he presented himself as an American representative and started manufacturing of shoes and he has given name for that company is blue ribbon sports company later on he has changed the name Nike. Later he started manufacturing shoes, apparel and equipments and he renamed his company name like Nike hope for the best to happen after some time he turned in to his coach Bill bower man in his school for what to do next in this industry. So, Bill bower man came up with new idea. In 1979 the Nike was the worlds top companies in the world. Nike mainly concentrated on athletics, the main competitors was Reebok and Adidas. Now Ni